Zimbabwe- a landscape designed whilst the Gods smiled

Bernard Bwoni

Take any road in Zimbabwe, look up, and you’ll see a lovely hilltop, beautiful flora, rivers: a village or a small town, big cities and concealed little out of town centres, a few newer buildings mixed with the old, big imposing houses, some not at all in keeping with the surroundings. But even amid this juxtaposition there is something exceptional about Zimbabwe and its landscape.

 You travel to the province of Masvingo and there lies the ruins of the Great Zimbabwe Empire. The imposing Kingdom that showcase the power of Zimbabwe. Great Zimbabwe clings to a denuded peak in the extreme south of the capital Harare. Tourists and visiting locals are often shocked by the crispness of this Great ancient city. It’s a meticulously layered settlement of dwellings build with local stone. There is something inherently inviting about this Great fortress, which towers above fertile plains.

From Nyanga to Kariba, Victoria Falls to Matopos, Khami to Great Zimbabwe, the Zimbabwe landscape is awesome. An amazing country.

Chinhoyi Caves

Beautiful scenery Zimbabwe

The mesmerizing Victoria Falls

A Zimbabwe village

The Zimbabwe beauty is unmatched

Zimbabwe bond notes: transitional stepping stones to economic growth

By Bernard Bwoni   

                                                               

Basic monetary theory will tell you that when an economy is struggling as what is happening with the Zimbabwe economy, the solutions are not always going to be pretty or pain-free. Those solutions lie in an aggressive monetary stimulus initiative. The bond notes, as anxiety-provoking as they may be, will offer the much needed short-term to long-term relief to the cash challenges facing the country. The RBZ Governor has repeatedly articulated this with authoritative clarity. The bond notes could easily be viewed as an extension of the bond coins and the idea is to address the cash shortages in the country. It is not only about alleviating the cash shortages, but also to stimulate economic growth and curb the illegal slippages of the USD out of the country. The strong dollar is particularly a significant problem for Zimbabwe’s economic growth. The value of the USD is far too high for a country like Zimbabwe. The country is fundamentally uncompetitive and this is reflected in the country’s huge current account deficit. Zimbabwe at the moment is unable to determine or pursue any expansionary fiscal policy, hence the continued fall in economic growth. The Reserve Bank has no independent monetary policy and government has very little if any fiscal space. There are structural problems that need to be dealt with as the long-term solutions. The government should be looking at reducing the bloated public sectors, lowering the very high national debt, improving tax collections, executing projects that inject money into the economy and continue to encourage foreign investment. However, these structural issues require time and ideally should be tackled when the economy has some level of stability and is strong enough, rather than when it is at its most vulnerable. The government is burdened with fiscal inflexibility and financial asphyxiation due to the multicurrency regime. At the moment cheap imported goods are being dumped onto the market, cash is not making it into the financial system and there is an urgent need to curb the trinkets that are making their way onto the market to the disadvantage of the domestic producer. The issuing of bond notes as an incentive for exports to stimulate growth is positive and requires national support.

The strong USD is not entirely good for exporters as prices for locally produced goods are going to remain high. This is because when the cost of production is high, prices of goods will also be high. When prices of goods and services increase, demand for those goods and services will decrease. That gap created by the expensive locally produced products is then filled by the cheap imports that are strewn on every street corner and supermarkets in the country. The outcome is reduced economic growth as happening in Zimbabwe right now. Economic growth is a cyclical process of increasing employment opportunities, production and consumption of goods and services. This is exactly what is being referred to when people talk about Zimbabwe’s economic growth potential. The stimulus initiatives being put forward by the RBZ are looking at addressing those economic fundamentals to kick start the country’s economic growth. The bond notes incentives are meant incentive and increase exports. The idea is to start producing those goods locally and cheaply, that they are priced competitively for both domestic consumers and for export. That way the economy will start to grow. People are rightly questioning and challenging the government to create jobs and only a growing economy will create jobs. An economy with a strong currency such as the USD and lacking the fundamentals for economic growth will inevitably struggle to take off. The initiatives being put forward by the RBZ are meant to increase production and with increased production comes increased sales and job creation. When people have jobs they have money to spend and with availability of money to spend on goods and services also increases. At the moment, supermarkets and shops are filled with goods, mostly imported, but people have no money to buy these goods and services.

The albatross around Zimbabwe’s economic growth is unfortunately the impact of a very strong currency which is bad for the country’s highly dollarized export economy which pays its workers in USD but sends its exports to countries whose currencies are weaker. The domestic manufacturers have repeatedly lamented that their competitiveness has been eroded by number of factors, some of which relate to the strong dollar. The effects of the strong dollar have meant that exports are curtailed, it’s cheaper to import than buy locally produced goods. The impact is felt by local producers because more imports cause a reduction in demand for their goods. There are also benefits to the consumer as well from a strong USD especially when they go outside to purchase goods and services. The cross-border traders benefit from the strong dollar especially with the current decline in the value of the SA Rand. The sad reality is that this is in a way exporting hard currency to an outside economy and in so doing Zimbabwe is exporting employment opportunities to that economy. When people go to SA with dollars to purchase goods for resale back in Zimbabwe, they are in fact propping up that country’s economy. These are basic economic fundamentals. Buying goods produced in SA for example with USD earned in Zimbabwe means we are boosting sales for SA firms, increased sales for SA firms means more employment opportunities for that country not Zimbabwe. These are some of the structural problems affecting the Zimbabwe economy. The imported goods bought in South Africa and sold on the street and markets in Zimbabwe are cash transactions and that money is unlikely to go into the monetary system. The new dollars earned in those street cash transactions are again taken to SA to buy more trinkets and the cycle begins again. This sustains livelihoods but the effects economy wide are profound.

The USD has its advantages and one of the advantages is the availability of goods in shelves which is important. It’s cheaper to import with the dollar and hence the country is unlikely going to face the shortages it did that period leading up to 2008. The problem for consumers is the availability of money to buy those goods and services. With no intervention, there is no end in sight to the country’s economic difficulties. The bond notes as a transitional solution could potentially plug the gap. With its multicurrency basket, in particular the greenback, Zimbabwe basically imported deflation. The solutions being proposed by the RBZ have the potential to initiate the stimulation of the economy as the bond notes will be issued as an incentive to promote exports, stimulate and stabilise the economy.

The country is importing some basic products that could and are already being easily manufactured in Zimbabwe. The strong USD means that Zimbabwe-made products will become more expensive for the rest of the world and to domestic consumers who will just embrace the cheap imports into the country. This affects domestic producers who may be forced to close shop as many have already done. This has a knock-on effect on employment and spending because with reduced manufacturing comes a reduction in employment opportunities and with no jobs consumer spending power is eroded. This means economic growth is hindered. Zimbabwe is a commodity exporter, the international markets price commodities in USD and a strong dollar will make commodities more expensive for other countries. This affects the country’s exports and reduced exports and increased imports created a negative current account.

It is an open secret that the multicurrency has imposed limitations on the government’s ability to conduct the country’s monetary policy. The dominance of the greenback in Zimbabwe has seriously impacted on economic recovery and economic growth by imposing severe liquidity constraints. The current cash shortages and USD outflows are some of the shocks associated with a highly dollarized economy. The government control over such shocks is very limited due to loss of control over monetary policy. The proposed introduction of bond notes is a clever but short term solution to an even bigger problem created by the multicurrency system. This is a first step in laying foundations for policies that would potentially give the reserve bank more access to monetary control in the country. The thing with most innovative ideas is that they do go through stages of being ridiculed, discussed and eventually being accepted. People take time to warm up to new ideas and/or anything new. There was even a time when zippers were first introduced on clothes, they were denounced as lures of the devil but today even shoes have zippers.

Business thrives under conditions of certainty and unfortunately that has been lacking in Zimbabwe. To give credit to the RBZ, the Governor has been reassuring the public and working on building confidence in the Zimbabwe economy. The bond notes injection will offer incentives for exporters to become more efficient and productive. Foreign investment follows confidence and stabilisation of the Zimbabwe economy is most likely going to further enhance business confidence. The dialogue on bond notes should continue, the niggling issues and misunderstandings clarified further. When politics and economics clash, there is always one winner and that is economics. It is a long process but politics can initially cloud very good policy initiatives and in the midst of all, aims and objectives may be lost. If only the bond notes issue could be discussed without the associated political noises. The priority is prompt and concrete solutions to the cash scarcity in Zimbabwe. The nearly over 90% circulation of the greenback in Zimbabwe has attracted people from different countries who bring in their goods onto the market. These people are not bringing any value to the Zimbabwe economy, they simply ship out the dollar and we are left with the cash shortages.

bernardbwoni.blogspot.com

A national flag hijacked by political pastimes

By Bernard Bwoni

A flag is a national symbol that holds a far deeper meaning and forms the identity of any country. Those five distinct colours that make up the Zimbabwe national flag convey the sacrifices, the struggles, the ideas, the ambitions, values, beliefs, the people, the land and the wealth of the country. The colours on that flag present us with the true definition of the country’s struggles, sacrifices of many, the triumph, the inspiration, the outlook, the hope, the potential and the journey the country embarked on. A traumatic passage to freedom, from the brutality of colonialism to the bitter liberation struggle and that priceless day on 18^th April 1980. It is because of the liberation of Zimbabwe that Zimbabweans can freely raise that flag, wrap it around their bodies and stride with pride in a free Zimbabwe. It is such a pity that some impolitic holy anointed ones in robes are disputing the essence of the flag of Zimbabwe. The call on citizens to “reclaim the national flag” reeks of insincerity and design. The national flag was presented to all Zimbabweans with the ushering in of independence, and as such there is no and will never be any ‘reclamation of the national flag’. The national flag is here and here to stay. These are the usual inconsequential stunts by some individuals who may seek publicity through any means necessary. Those questioning the sacredness of the Zimbabwe national flag are merely misrepresenting it for intended traction. It’s one thing to call this a non-political movement and it is another to start going on romantic dates with politics. To categorically state that the ‘integrity of the national flag has been ‘compromised’ is calculating and crafty. There is no one who can compromise the national flag and there is no one who has sole stewardship of the national flag. So any antics claiming to ‘reclaim the national flag’ should just be dismissed as such.

Making claims that the current economic difficulties affecting the country is the evidence to suggest that the flag has been compromised is borderline wooden. The anointed one is urging people to ‘reclaim the flag’ and the question to the holy one is, from who? This is the same ‘compromised’ flag that is wrapped around his neck as he freely expresses himself in free Zimbabwe. This is a free Zimbabwe and that national flag accords him and any other Zimbabwean that freedom to wear it round the neck, to speak, to walk and associate without fear or favour. If anyone was denied that right to wear that flag and to express themselves freely then that would be a different matter. However, as things stand, this is just another individual in a long line of such individuals. These are the same individuals who go on these idle little protests “campaigning for freedom” yet they are busy freely express themselves. The free Zimbabwe accords them that right and that flag is a symbol of that freedom he is claiming has been compromised. This is the real essence of #OurFlag, this is our national flag and it belongs to each and every Zimbabwean. It is not a toy to derive political pleasure or prospects.

There is nothing wrong with each and every citizen speaking his mind, and challenging the government on policy to make public officials more accountable. That is necessary, that is required and should be encouraged and instilled in our children and generations to come. The duty of every citizen is to question the government and keep public officials on their toes to ensure efficient public service provision. That politics and public office positions are not mere careers but a pledge to serve and a service to the people is clear as crystal. The pressure on government to deliver good and efficient public services is in everyone’s best interests. The citizens of Zimbabwe have that flag of Zimbabwe ‪#‎OurFlag to thank for that freedom to question and bring public officials to account. There is a deeper meaning behind that cloth with the five distinct colours and the Zimbabwe bird. The freedoms that the people of Zimbabwe enjoy today lie beneath those colours and symbols that adorn that cloth. Those questioning the significance of the flag and claiming that the flag has lost its meaning due to perceived or real government flaws are missing the point about the meaning of the flag and potentially using it for own intended traction, be it political or pecuniary. This is a national flag and it does not belong to an individual or any organisation. It belongs to all Zimbabweans and to make ludicrous claims that the Zimbabwe national flag has been compromised is nothing short of an insult and a trample on our national flag. The flag is a national symbol that hold a far more sacred meaning than some budget political activism of the compromised ordained ones.

The meaning behind the flag of Zimbabwe remains today as it will for generations to come and beyond. The patriotic bloodstains of the liberation struggle have left permanent marks over the entire Zimbabwe landscape and ‪those five distinct colours on our national flag. #OurFlag. The people of Zimbabwe and the country’s heritage are enduring features of this land and our national flag fully captures that. The flag represents the peace that was ushered in 1980 and inevitably in a democracy like Zimbabwe there will always be some who take these freedoms and the prevailing peace for granted. The peace and the freedom in Zimbabwe is free for all Zimbabweans to embrace and enjoy, but it was not issued as a complimentary offering. It came at a price that can never be repaid. So those who claim that the meaning behind the flag has been compromised might as well spit on the graves of all those who sacrificed for this country. The meaning behind the flag is neither lost nor compromised, and will never be lost or compromised. The meaning is the deep-rooted deoxyribonucleic acid of the national anatomy. Only lost souls are compromised, not this compound national symbol. This sacred national symbol accords everyone the right to freely express themselves and if the ordained one wants to continue with his petty little thing, then by all means, for that is what our flag guarantee each and every Zimbabwean. The anointed one has that same right as everyone and should not be threatened (he claims he was being threatened) but merely ridiculed. It is unacceptable for this holy man of God or anyone for that matter to be threatened or harmed in any way for freely expressing themselves. Totally unacceptable! He has been accorded that right by our national flag to hold his adorable little exploit and there is no value whatsoever in threatening or harming him. There is no value in threatening or harming anyone period! However, his protest or thing needs to be dissected and dismantled to its bare basics to expose its idleness because that is exactly what it is.

 To question and interrogate the government is each citizen’s obligation, but there is no value added in diluting the real meaning of the flag in an unproductive and self-absorbed frolic. The same national flag recognises the rights of the people of Zimbabwe to be free to protest, to have movements and to freely question and bring government and public officials to account. The government of Zimbabwe might have its own flaws like each and every government in this world, but to make that as an argument that the national flag has been undermined is devious. The national flag of Zimbabwe will outlive any individual or organisation, living or yet to be conceived. The only people who are compromising the flag are the consecrate ones who are inappropriately exploiting it to prop up their simplistic political pastime. Individuals can be compromised, organisations can be compromised, but not our national flag. #OurFlag

 Twitter: @bernardbwoni

Bernard Bwoni: Zimbabwe: information strategy will ease public bo...

Bernard Bwoni: Zimbabwe: information strategy will ease public bo...: Bernard Bwoni A pronouncement about the introduction of anything that the public associate with having any resemblance to the domestic cu...

Zimbabwe: information strategy will ease public bond notes panic

Bernard Bwoni

A pronouncement about the introduction of anything that the public associate with having any resemblance to the domestic currency in Zimbabwe is understandably a painful and anxiety-provoking process. The concern stems from events from that period before 2009 when things spiralled out of control with hyperinflation and shortages. The proposal by the RBZ to introduce new bond notes into circulation is a noble idea being overwhelmed by an avoidable mistrust and uncertain that could easily have been soothed by the availability of adequate and accurate information. The bond notes are not the problem, the idea behind is proper and will potentially attend to some of the difficulties relating to cash shortages affecting the country.  It is positive that there are discussions (although mostly panicky reactions which some are referring to as a public backlash) on the proposal to introduce the bond notes. This negative public reaction is a simple case of fear, lack of trust and confidence, and this points to a lack of information. The pronouncement of the proposal is coming at a time when the country is facing serious cash shortages and a number of other economic hardships. There is very limited cash in banks, there is severely reduced forex inflows owing to reduced exports and unrestricted imports into the country. The persistent banking crises point to an unstable demand and supply of money in the financial system; and a multi-currency system that is impacting on the capacity of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe to conduct monetary policy. The announcement is coming at a time of crisis and is in response to a crisis. In time of crises, public reassurances through education and information is very important to lessen fears and doubts. Transparency and immediacy are two crucial elements of this strategy to manage the public reactions. In this day of the internet, crisis situations are often framed by social media and media coverage, which means that reporters (and the public on social media) are typically the first audience considered. The advantages of the internet are many and one of them is the capacity to communicate in direct ways with intended audience.  The information campaign should start there.

The pronouncement by the RBZ Governor has brought about mixed reactions from the public, at home and abroad. Ideally it would have been helpful to take the critical first steps required for such a major announcement to reassure the public, to ensure that the bond notes were going to be perceived as stable by all stakeholders from the public, business and regional and international parties. It is unhelpful that social media and other media sources are awash with mixed interpretations of the proposal. There are headlines calling the move a ‘reintroduction of the Zimbabwe dollar by stealth’. There are alarmist headlines that these are similar to the ‘Bearer Cheques’ and some saying that the country was heading back to the period of hyperinflation. The Reserve Bank could have gone on a charm offensive right from the start to build a bank of goodwill with the public. There is more value in having online platforms on social media, newspapers and hotlines to provide information, explanations and clarifications to the public and to the world. It is still not too late to coordinate this public awareness and information strategy in collaboration with representatives from the country’s business sector, financial sector and members of the general public. It good to note that CZI has been forthcoming with encouraging the public to embrace the proposed bond notes as they will boost internal trade and help ease the cash shortage currently affecting the country.

The panic or what is being termed public backlash is being influenced by a lack of the accurate information or the information not being instantly available. The information campaign is about confidence in the proposed notes and instilling confidence in the public. Clarity and consistency will put to rest the public’s fear and mistrust and help build confidence. Armed with the right information or having easy access to the right information, public reactions are likely to be less dramatic. The public education and information campaign should ideally have started on the pronouncement day or even earlier. Terms and meanings needed to be defined and clarified instantly. The introduction is a key and critical national process and information and education make for easier public uptake. There could be leaflets and/or adverts explaining what the bond notes are, their value and what guarantees their value and how they are going to operate alongside the currencies already in use in the country. There should also be clear explanatory notes in a very plain and easy to understand format. There should be a central platform to ask questions and get information. There should be a hotline set up to answer niggling queries that continue to circulate unanswered on the streets, on social media and in local and international media sources. The public is currently relying on very limited, uncoordinated and mostly not very accurate information. Inaccurate information in the sense that news headlines at home and abroad are screaming of the return of the Zimbabwe dollar when in fact that is not true. In critical times like these, the public requires correct and consistent information and reassurances.  The many different and disjointed versions of the pronouncement that are doing rounds everywhere will only increase the panic and uncertainty.

The RBZ Governor Dr Mangudya admitted that the policy pronouncement could have been communicated better and rightly so. During a press conference in Harare on Friday 6^th May 2016, the Governor did answer some questions and provided some clarification with authority. He described the proposal as a ‘$200 million economic stimulus to stimulate local production and exports’. He also pointed out that the move to split export proceeds in US dollar, SA rand and euros was meant to remove concentration risk caused by consumer overreliance on US dollar over other currencies in circulation in the multicurrency system. He did well to ease some of the public fears and anxieties, but that has not stopped the social media frenzy that is being stimulated by misconceptions arising from lack of accurate information and the right education campaign. The public information and education campaign needs to be broken to bare basics for easy of understanding, needs to be easily and readily available so that people are not accessing made-up sensational online information. It needs to be visible, like a simple Facebook page managed by RBZ giving precise and accurate information instantly. It could even be a telephone hotline, a Twitter account or even a WhatsApp forum of some sort. It needs to be creative to be able to manage people’s expectations and anxieties to avoid breakdown in communication.

The questions that are posed by people on social media or on the street are genuine questions. These are questions about how such an introduction of the notes is going to affect their lives. They are not trivial questions at all and with a good education and information strategy these can be effectively managed and to some degree help reduce the distress and alarm that is being created by the pronouncement.

Some of the frequently being asked questions:

§  Where else in the world has this been done and has it been successful?

§  Are bond notes a currency or not?

§  How did the RBZ determine the value of the bond notes?

§  If these bond notes are backed by a US$200 million facility from AfreximBank, why not just inject the actual US$200 million into the system?

§  What happens when the US$200 million is finished?

§  Why not back the notes with a Gold Trust?

§  Will the bond notes be redeemable at the bank?

§  What happens if we all want to redeem our US dollars?

§  What happens if I want to travel outside to go and buy things for resale in Zimbabwe? Can I take the bond notes outside or do I need to exchange them?

§  Will I have the option to request to receive US dollars when I want withdraw money?

§  What measures are in place to counter the emergency of the dreaded black market?

§  Is the US$200 million free? If not, then we are adding more onto our huge debt then?

§  What guarantee is there that only US$200 million worth of bond coins will be injected into the system?

§  If the US$200 million bond injection constitutes to less than 3% of the money that will be injected, how is this going to ease the cash problems? Where is the other 97% going to come from?

§  What happens if someone accidentally prints more than the initial US$200 million of the bond notes?

The information that the public currently have or is accessing from social media or the street is mixed and there are also varying interpretations of the above questions. To some the above questions might seem like minor questions but to many that is what is causing the anxiety and panic. These are some of the many questions that are being asked and the outcome is that of the public engaging with and exchanging disjointed and at times inaccurate information. This is where that public education and awareness campaign should take shape. That central platform, that one-stop shop for information and clarification of the proposal to introduce bond notes. Some of the questions have been addressed better than others. Some of the answers and explanations will need to be broken even further to the barest of basics for clarity sake.

The introduction of the bond notes as Dr Mangudya said, the public “should trust that we also know what we are doing, and that we believe that Zimbabwe needs to transform and that this economy needs stimulation, export and production, so where there is no production, the economy will not do well, so we want to ensure that there is production”. Dr Mangudya has been responding to some of the public questions with clarity and this education and awareness campaign needs to be cascaded down into laymen terms. This is the idea behind an information and awareness strategy to reduce the negative publicity that such a noble proposal is receiving.

Twitter: @bernardbwoni

Jail will harness corruption

Bernard Bwoni

In Zimbabwe, as in many other parts of the world, when it comes to corruption it is convenient to point fingers at government shorting comings and that is all fair and acceptable because government has the ultimate responsibility to the people of the country. The government has its own fair share of short-comings when it comes to the fight against corruption and that is not a secret. The levels and degrees of corruption in Zimbabwe at the moment are astounding, kick-backs and graft have become imbedded in the culture and life of the country to the point of normalcy. There are many hardships and challenges in Zimbabwe, as there are in many parts of this world. Life is hard everywhere you go in the world and people work very hard to get by and people in Zimbabwe are no exception. The hustle and persistence of the Zimbabwean people is world renown. However, in some sections of Zimbabwe society these hardships have opened the floodgates of corruption. The disappointing thing is that there have been very few, if any arrests of high profile public officials in the corruption fight. A few small fish have been fried but nothing major hence why the corrupt tendencies continue unabated.

The role of the government of the day is to facilitate and put into play policies, processes and systems for efficient service delivery. Such systems are the safeguards against corruption and they require robust, committed and consistent follow-through. The only responsibility the citizens have is to ensure that such systems and procedures are not violated as stipulated by the law of the land. The fact that one struggles to identify a single high profile public official who has been jailed for corruption does not mean there are none. It sounds harsh, but jail the only lasting and effective cure for corruption. The practice persists because there are no real consequences. There has to be real consequences for wayward law enforcement officials, government officials and those citizens who break the set out regulations and engage in these economic crimes against the country. Some of the things people in the country are getting away with is shocking and the worrying thing is that some of these things are now being accepted as the norm. The government has the responsibility and accountability to ensure that people have access to the right services and citizens have a responsibility as well to ensure that basic duties of a citizen are adhered to. The normalisation of corruption is unacceptable and must never be entertained.

Why is it that there appears to be a high level of leniency when it comes to corruption? Very few arrests, sparing sentences and disproportionately reduced jail terms. On the 4th March 2015 the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commissioner Chief Executive was sentenced to 10 years for fraud. That is commendable that this man was prosecuted and jailed, but it is shocking that he will only serve 2 years of a 10-year sentence for this economic crime. This level of leniency will not deter corrupt activities. There have been more allegations against the commissioners of the same Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Committee (ZACC) and if those entrusted to harness corruption are compromised then God help us all. The boss of ZACC was arrested and jailed only a year ago and those he left behind are still engaged in corrupt dealings, then that is a losing battle against corruption surely. As far back as 2014 there have been corruption allegations linked to the Anti-Corruption Commission with Commissioners allegedly receiving salaries and spending large sums of money on hiring government cars many months after their contracts with the ZACC had expired. It was only in April 2016 that four ZACC Managers were suspended on allegations of engaging in underhanded practices. This is only a year after their boss was convicted and only serving a very lenient 2-year jail term of a 10-year sentence. This leniency is not a deterrent. It is important to state that these are still only allegations, but these crimes against the state are serious and sentences and consequences should be more severe. These four managers have merely been suspended for such serious allegations. Corruption and murder are at par crimes that should be condemned and punished. The trail of both corruption and murder is graves and turmoil for survivors. The graves of corruption are not as evident as those of murder, but they are all over.  Diverting money meant for healthcare or food procurement has murderous implications nationwide.

The government has to move away from all the rhetoric on corruption and introduce more drastic and correctional measures to curb this embarrassing and deep-rooted decadence. Corruption has far-reaching implications for the nation as a whole and government has no choice but to arrest this scourge, arrest and jail the economic criminals. There is no value in simply naming and shaming those who are implicated in corruption because they will continue with the practices immediately after being named and shamed. Those involved in corruption should be prosecuted and where they are found guilty, long jail terms should be imposed. There is no point in empty threats and high-sounding declarations that we are going to fight corruption when the architects of corruption are left to continue with the practices. There are jails in Zimbabwe and there are there for a reason. Those high-ranking officials found guilty of corruption must be jailed period, and a mere two years is not enough to correct the mind-set. The Legislative, the Executive and the Judiciary should work together to tackle corruption more effectively. If any arm of the state is compromised, then there is no point in even attempting to fight corruption.  Each arm of the arm of state must be razor-sharp in the fight against corruption and once blunted it affect the whole process.

The effects of corruption on business, service delivery and investment into the country are far-reaching and significant. It is difficult for legitimate businesses to thrive in corruption-ridden environments. Service delivery is severely hampered by corruption and investors are often sceptical of putting their money in corrupt systems. Corruption has to target transgressors across the board and not just target the small fish in the vast sea of the degeneracy. High ranking public officials are not sacred cows and must never be immune from prosecution. It is quite sad to hear people say things like ‘one has more chances of being mauled by a shark in Mukuvisi River than being arrested for corruption in Zimbabwe’. The flouting of procedures and processes, the clear disregard of the same laws and rules that are meant to safeguard the country from such administrative malfunctions as corruption clearly points to a cushioned and comfortable culture of impunity that reigns supreme and must be dismantled. That has to be said because these economic crimes have cost the nation billions of dollars and continue to do so. Institutional dishonesty has become normal, acceptable and even embraced. There is no way corruption can take place without the knowledge of state administrators. No way. Just look at the battle of Harare City councils fighting to prevent the audit of their activities for self-preservation purposes.

It is time for Zimbabwe to Look East in the fight against corruption. In 2015 alone over 280000 public officials have been punished for corruption in China. That is a staggering figure and it shows genuine commitment to tackling corruption instead of mere empty rhetoric. Since the Chinese President Mr Xi Jinping came to power, over 80 public officials and political figures at provincial or higher levels have stepped down after being charged with corruption. These are high ranking officials who have fallen in the fight against corruption and that sends the right message. Big names like Mr Huang Xiaoxiang removed from his post as Deputy Secretary of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and Mr Zhou Yongkang the Former Head of China’s Police who also has fallen. That sends the right waves in the fight and often a real deterrent against corruption. To restore the entire country’s faith in the ruling party, it is important to clean up all ranks by making examples of corrupt public officials.

bernardbwoni.blogspot.com

Zimbabwe: Of imagined "tatters" and "broken minds"

By Bernard Bwoni

“For those who are still in denial, it is worth restating: Zimbabwe is broken. Its people are broken. Their minds and spirits are broken. The infrastructure is broken-rotting in fact. And, unsurprisingly, the image of our country is in tatters”. These ‘broken’ and disturbing words were uttered by a Mr Trevor Ncube in an article published in the Zimbabwe Independent entitled “Only a ‘Third Way’ can fix Zimbabwe”. I am lost for words trying to understand the motive behind such trailer-park trash-talk against Zimbabwe and its people? It is his opinion and yes he is entitled to it just like the rest of us, however to categorically say “Zimbabwe is broken. Its people are broken. Their minds and spirits are broken” is too non-specific and hence the challenge. This is ‘broken’ and reckless journalism. What test did Mr Ncube use to determine that the people of Zimbabwe’s “minds are broken”? Zimbabwe has a population of around 15 million people and it would be interesting to find out how many actually have their “minds broken”. Such portrayal of Zimbabwe by a ‘Zimbabwean’ journalist is just inadequate journalism. What would possess any person who is supposedly ‘Zimbabwean’ to portray the country with such pessimism, absolute doom and gloom? What satisfaction does one derive from such depiction? It seriously boggles the mind. Only a ‘broken mind’ will emit such a foul impression of Zimbabwe. The obsession with presenting Zimbabwe as ‘broken’ could easily be linked the functioning of a broken mind. There seems to be no objectivity in such careless representation of the country and the only satisfaction derived from this is to the self. The question to pose is, is Mr Ncube mending Zimbabwe by such eye-catching headline of a “broken Zimbabwe”? Definitely not. There is no patriotism or victory in putting your country down. There are no awards for this level of sloppiness.

Nobody is for one-minute implying that things are perfect in Zimbabwe. The country is facing a multitude of challenges, there are many things that could be better and there is a lot of work to be done to improve the already battered image of Zimbabwe. Brazenly reckless and sensational headlines about a ‘broken Zimbabwe in tatters’ will not restore the country’s dignity or image. Those who consistently paint the negative picture will not attract business to the country.  The current peaceful environment in Zimbabwe does not prevail in a ‘broken’ country and that must never be taken for granted. ‘Broken’ is what you have in Libya today, Syria, Iraq and many other ‘broken’ nations where the word peace does not apply. Zimbabwe has its own fair share of challenges but ‘broken’ is not one of them. Far from it.

It was only in March 2016 that Zimbabwe was awarded the Best Destination for Adventure from the Pacific Area Travel Writers Association (PATWA) at the International Tourism Bourse in Berlin. In 2014 the General Assembly of European Council on Tourism and Trade (ECTT) unanimously awarded Zimbabwe the World’s Best Tourism Destination and also Favorite Cultural Destination for 2014. Such awards are not being presented to a ‘broken country’ but a peaceful country with friendly ever-smiling people. Zimbabwe has always been popular with tourists from all round the world and hence why the awards. Enquiries about traveling to Zimbabwe are often pouring in and the expectation is that they are not presented with an image of an allegedly “broken Zimbabwe” but with the true picture of the warmth and beauty that the country has to offer. There are adventurers, tourists, backpackers and business people who are keen on coming into Zimbabwe and people like Mr Ncube are busy trying to turn away these people with their false and careless headlines of “broken minds” and “tatters”. It is a shame that people like Mr Ncube will not find anything positive to say about this amazing country but that is their prerogative. There are always going to be negative people and many seem to derive some form of depraved pleasure from such devious characterisation of Zimbabwe. There does not seem to be any other logical explanation.

In his article Mr Ncube talked about “broken infrastructure” but failed to mention the infrastructure that has sprouted and continue to do so throughout the country since 1980. Zimbabwe’s infrastructure is very much intact and yes some of it requires retooling and rehabilitation, but to call it “broken” borders on dishonest. There are many new infrastructural developments taking place in the country and the restoration of many roads has been happening throughout the country and that does not happen in a “broken country”. The rubble and crumbling bombed buildings in Libya, Iraq or Syria point to “broken” infrastructure not Zimbabwe. The rehabilitation of the over 800 kilometres Mutare-Plumtree road has recently been completed and is near perfect. Under the disabling economic environment Zimbabwe is still forging ahead with major infrastructural developments and the country is nowhere near “broken” or in “tatters”. The road from Harare Airport is complete and looking well laid out.  The country had a period when there had been regular power and water outages. These challenges have been addressed and there have been massive improvements in supply. Rarely does power or water go in the country. Of course there are still improvements required in the quality of the water supply.

There recently was a picture doing rounds on social media of a road in Rhodesia where there were only buses on the road and only one car. There was an outcry that Rhodesians had perfect roads and granted the roads looked clear. However, the fact of the matter is that Rhodesians were short-sighted and only created infrastructure meant for a minority. It is a fact that Zimbabwe’s infrastructure has struggled to cope with population increase and unsustainable rural-to-urban migration. Zimbabwe’s roads are teeming with traffic. The number of cars on Zimbabwe’s roads is staggering. But Zimbabwe is not “broken”, it is in fact building as opposed to breaking. Rhodesia was founded somewhere around 1895 and up till 1980 had one University. Zimbabwe was born on 18^th April 1980 and to date there are over ten Universities, nine of which are state universities. There is the University of Zimbabwe (which was the University of Rhodesia and sole University the Rhodesians built). Zimbabwe has constructed the National University of Science and Technology, Great Zimbabwe University, Bindura University of Science, Solusi University, Lupane State University, Gwanda State University and Chinhoyi University of Technology. Zimbabwe also has the Africa University, Women’s University in Africa, Catholic University of Zimbabwe, Open University and many other technological colleges and polytechnics. From 1895 to 1980, it took Rhodesia 85 years to build one University. On the other hand, it has taken Zimbabwe a mere 36 years to have over ten Universities. Now that is a massive feat of infrastructure developments and that does not point to a “broken” country. All these point to new infrastructure and Mr Ncube wants the world to believe all these are not happening and all he has done is to paint a picture of absolute ruin which is inaccurate.

Thousands of primary and secondary schools have been built throughout the country. Yes, there are challenges in maintaining some of the infrastructure but it is there. There are many construction projects happening in Zimbabwe. The construction of the Mall of Zimbabwe is a positive development following the greenlight from the EMA. The Defence College is complete and in use. The point being made here is that all these developments cannot be happening in a “broken” country. There are liquidity challenges in the country as we speak and the country is facing a devastating drought. The government has been making efforts to ensure that people do not starve. Now in “broken country”, people are left to starve. The shops in Zimbabwe are jammed with goods, local and imported. People are building homes, albeit at a slow pace but they are building their own homes. The Zimbabwe building regulations remain robust and rarely do you hear of collapsed buildings. Actually there has not been collapsed buildings which you find in genuinely “broken countries”. Shops are full, fuel is in abundance, cars are choking the roads, delivery trucks clog the highways. And surely that does not happen in a “hell-hole” or a “broken country”. It is often said that the number of delivery trucks on the roads often indicate that the signs for the economy are pointing in the right direction. Again just to make it clear, the country has its challenges, but is far away from being “broken”. The only “broken” thing is the sensational headline from the article by Mr Ncube.

Those who downgrade their own country are simply prostituting themselves and the likes of Mr Ncube who publicly de-campaigns Zimbabwe and Zimbabweans by labelling them “broken” clearly have no idea of the implications of the negative speculation they constantly present to the world. The world as we know it today is well interconnected and the bleak picture that is being presented about Zimbabwe has far-reaching and damaging effects on the country as a whole. It is sad and disappointing to note that we have such individuals with such a “broken” mind-set about their own country. The likes of Mr Ncube have no idea when to draw the line and separate country from party politics.

bernardbwoni.blogspot.com

To instill confidence in the Buy-Zimbabwe Culture

By Bernard Bwoni

“Meanwhile, the government has noted with concern that Zimbabwe is slowly becoming a market for other countries with very little export in return. Efforts are underway to arrest the trend and revive domestic industry”. This was said by Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa whilst addressing delegates at the International Business Conference recently. What he said is exactly what is wrong with Zimbabwe’s economy and many other African economies which are incessantly being choked by cheap imports from much larger economies which benefit from economies of scale. It is a genuine hope that this is not mere talk and that there are measures that are being put in place to curb the influx of inessential imports into the country. The competiveness of the local manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe has been heavily curtailed owing to stiff competition from cheaper imports from much larger manufacturing economies in particular China. VP Mnangagwa is right in saying that the over-reliance on imports is leading to under-utilisation of local manufacturing capacity, more unemployment and the persistent fiscal challenges the country currently faces.

The need for a Buy-Zimbabwe culture has to cover services and manufacturing alike. Zimbabwe has some of the best medical practitioners on the continent and as a country we have to buy into the services of our doctors and nurses. They are valued outside our borders and they should be equally valued within our borders. The talk of a Buy-Zimbabwe Culture is meaningless unless and until we start practising what we preach instead of making excuses. These are Buy-Zimbabwe services available in Zimbabwe and they are there to be accessed, top first and cascaded downwards. That is how confidence in the Buy-Zimbabwe campaign built.  I recently attended the Acadia Medical Centre in Harare and was impressed by quality of the medical and nursing care. I could never fault the efficiency of the Zimbabwe practitioners and it is amazing that some would waste finances going to South Africa for medical treatment.

There is need for legislative intervention to curb the inessential imports to rescue domestic manufacturers.  The necessity of protecting and promoting domestic industry is not a new phenomenon and throughout the years’ many economists and business leaders in the developed countries of today have vigorously defended infant industry protection. Zimbabwe’s manufacturing sector is emerging from over decade of a prolonged downturn and thus it is unrealistic and unfair to expect the country’s manufacturing sector to compete against the mature industries in the more advanced regional and advanced international economies without an initial period of deliberate government promotion and protection. The country’s manufacturing sector is in a dire state due to infrastructure deficiencies as well as shortage of capital, erratic power and water supplies. The key is for local manufacturers to focus on competiveness as the ultimate long-term objective but as VP Mnangagwa seem to be alluding to, government needs to initially offer the manufacturing sector a period infant industry protection as they build up their competiveness.

 The Zimbabwe manufacturing sector is emerging from over a decade-long slump and cannot be expected to compete against the mature industries in the more advanced regional and international economies without an initial period of deliberate government promotion and protection. It is going to take time, legislative intervention and more importantly investment in technological capabilities for manufacturing companies in Zimbabwe to absorb advanced technologies and build up on capacity and competitiveness. Of course there are those who will argue that we live in a global village and that competition is healthy for any economy. It is important to make a strong against premature trade liberalisation as it has been a failure and characterised by negative economic growth in per-capita terms and collapse of manufacturing with our domestic production swamped by cheap imports as capacity utilisation has dropped to low levels. With very few exceptions, tariff cuts and other measures of trade liberalisation have not brought about the anticipated economic growth and, in a lot of cases, have in fact brought near economic collapse. Free trade is one of those theories that is logically consistent with itself but not in the real world as it has not been universally linked to subsequent economic growth. This is evidenced by the economic chaos unleashed by the structural adjustment programmes of the early 1990s in Zimbabwe and other developing countries. Without some sort of infant industry protection and promotion the economy will have little hope of diversifying through industrialisation and accelerating growth on a sustainable basis. Zimbabwe’s manufacturing sector, in this early stage of revival, would benefit from this critical period of protection to enable it to maintain output and employment and this will subsequently spearhead economic growth.

The Buy-Zimbabwe Campaign or Culture should not be a gimmick. There should be a clear distinction between a campaign that’s a damp squid and one that thrives. A genuine Buy-Zimbabwe Culture is a powerful initiative that will help sustain domestic manufacturers and businesses while creating local wealth. Any half-hearted approach rarely creates a real shift in culture to make a real impact. A campaign of such a magnitude requires commitment and making certain sacrifices. The top has to take a genuine leading role in the Buy-Zimbabwe Campaign. There is no point in a top that is preaching a Buy-Zimbabwe Campaign whilst dressed in a $1000 Louis Vuitton suit and a pair of Church’s brogues shoes. Nobody will buy into such a campaign.

bernardbwoni.blogspot.com

De-campaigning Zimbabwe through falsehoods

By Bernard Bwoni

 

To say that opposition politics in Zimbabwe is unimaginative and wholly uninspiring is an epic show of restraint with words out of respect. There is this very restricted and rigid view of the role of the opposition, what they intend to achieve and how they are going to achieve those outcomes. The opposition has this ‘whatever-it-takes’ attitude when it comes to fulfilling their barren ambitions of dislodging the ruling party as the next government. The opposition parties in Zimbabwe are very limited when it comes to policy and punch, they offer no shadow strategy for the country and their primary objective is a feeling of entitlement to get into ‘power simply because the ruling party has been in power for too long’. There is a disastrous and destructive overreliance on disinformation deliberately intended to mislead and deceive the electorate. There is a high level of desperation to tarnish, misinform and create the impression of utter ruination about the country even in cases that do not warrant such depiction. It is unfortunate that some within the opposition will go to extraordinary length to present the country to the world with such bleak outlook for their singular yet infertile ambitions to get to be the next government.

It is a shameless charade to tarnish the name of Zimbabwe through outrageous invention and having to import images from other countries to dishonourably illustrate perceived failures of the ruling party.  There recently was a picture of a road with many potholes which was being circulated on social media and being deviously portrayed as being in Harare. It is offensive to say the least and a disservice to the nation. The picture is clearly not from Harare or any part of Zimbabwe. The cars are driving on the right hand side and that car number plates have white backgrounds and black font. In Zimbabwe cars drive on the left hand side and number plates are yellow. This distorted depiction of Zimbabwe is clearly and carelessly presented to fool the electorate into exchanging their vote for such blatant half-truth. What person in their right mind would want to represent their own country with such an incorrect and damaging impression? The picture is clearly not from Zimbabwe and those who are circulating this picture and claiming this is Harare are intending on appealing to a particular funding circle to help prop up their very slim chances of convincing the electorate that they are made of real governing stuff.

 

Instead of a heartfelt and genuine connection with the electorate at grassroots level and seriously challenging what they perceive to be the ruling party’s policy flaws they are busy trying to outdo each other in de-campaigning and denigrating Zimbabwe through fictitious images rented from somewhere else other than Zimbabwe. No one is denying that there are potholes in the country or the fact that the country is facing economic challenges, but to import and fabricate images and pass them on as Harare is pitiful. Those who have circulated and shared this image are deliberately destructive and reckless. The country is going through many challenges as we speak, there are real problems to content and any opposition worth noting should be focusing on policy alternatives not rented images.

 

The Zimbabwe electorate is highly sophisticated and can easily sift through to distinguish facts from fabrications. This deliberate deception and disinformation is not going to win over the electorate. Those in the opposition who are fuelling this misleading narrative lack foresight. They present the country with such negativity and forget that even if by some miracle they get to become the next government that negative perception about the country will stick for a very long time. You cannot delete social media posts once shared and that is it. The opposition accuse the government of scaring away investors and if the truth be told they themselves are doing the real job of misrepresenting Zimbabwe to potential investors. The picture they are circulating on social media and all the never-ending portrayal of Zimbabwe goes a long way in discouraging investors into the country. Again no one is suggesting for one second that we should camouflage problems and paint a rosy picture, but to fake images for effect is just dishonest and dishonourable.  The perception this creates is that of absolute ruin and gloom and very few countries, if any molest themselves in this manner. Yes Zimbabwe does have potholes on some roads but not to the extent as presented in that fake image doing rounds on social media.

 

This disinformation campaign against Zimbabwe is a concerted effort by the local opposition who are desperate to get into power. There is nothing patriotic about continually trying to put your country down. In fact that is substandard patriotism. There are social, political and economic implications associated with persistently and publicly disgracing your own country and they are indeed disastrous.

 

It is a never-ending onslaught against Zimbabwe. There was a very dodgy ‘survey’ entitled ‘3^rd Annual Africa Wealth Report’ published by the equally dodgy New World Wealth publication which claimed that Zimbabwe was the poorest country in the world based on inaccurate data. The disheartening thing is that it was Zimbabwean nationals who picked up on such a meaningless survey and shared that online as a matter of fact. Even online publications printed such shallow data. The so-called survey uses per capita rankings and claimed that Zimbabwe’s wealth per capita was US$200 per person. The report surveyed 20 countries and from those 20 countries concluded that Zimbabwe was the poorest country in the world! One is left wondering where they obtained the data for such a dubious survey. A quick look on the data sets from Zimbabwe Government ZNSA, RBZ, ADB, IMF, Credit Suisse or World Bank will give you a Zimbabwe wealth per capita of over US$2000 per person. That figure could be even higher given that Zimbabwe’s economy is still incorrectly measured and still to be rebased. These rankings of poorest and richest country are just pointless and misleading. It is inaccurate to rank world economies because some countries measure economic activity that others do not factor in. Some countries measure informal activities whereas others do not, some countries have rebased their economies and others are still to rebase theirs. Thus when the size of the different countries’ economies is inconsistently measured then the rankings among countries are inconsistent and mostly inaccurate.

 

The tragedy is that as erroneous and destructive such disinformation is, the Zimbabwe opposition clutch onto such ridiculous surveys and run off with these as facts to further their faint hopes of becoming the next government. The rent-a-fake photo of potholes brings the desperation to new heights. Even the newly formed People First has been desperately ‘renting’ pictures of crowds to present a picture of bumper crowds at their poorly-attended gatherings. The opposition is and has always focused on faulty step ladders towards power hence the preoccupation with trying to dishonestly undermine government. The electorate will not be easily swayed by blatant lies as fake pothole pictures and fraudulent surveys. With such opposition, ZANU-PF is on course to register another landslide in the 2018 elections.

 

bernardbwoni.blogspot.com

Dr Grace Mugabe's unique bond with the grassroots

By Bernard Bwoni

The unhealthy jostling for political positions at the expense of a direct focus on the real issues that are affecting the ordinary man, woman and child on the street is what appears to have irked the First Lady. It is easy to understand where she is coming from, for the extent of the economic challenges the country is facing one would expect all  those in positions of influence to be right on the ground with the people. Mai Mugabe does not mince her words and many have translated her words to create a desired effect. However underneath all the negativity and the inaccurate portrayal of Mai Mugabe there is more to her than all this. She is genuinely committed to addressing the plight of the grassroots and in her addresses, she has been uniquely blunt to the point of being lightyears away from all correctness. She does not seem to seek to protect reputations nor does she seek to garner a reputation but rather displays a rare commitment to ‘serve the people’ and ‘do the work’ to get Zimbabwe moving. In all her addresses her key words have been ‘work’ and ‘the people’. Her grassroots connections with the people are laid bare for all to see and not mere gimmicks to garner votes. The First Lady has a special bond with the grassroots there is no doubt about that and hence the mixed reactions her rallies provoke. She talks the talk yes, but she strides the walk as opposed to just merely walking it.

This is what she said on her recent Chiweshe address, “Saka ini ndakapiwa basa, saka ndicharishanda” which translate to ‘there is work to be done and I am going to get it done and shamed on those who have a problem with her work-orientated approach’. Many on social media took offence to that and some translated that to suit. She challenged the usual politician tactic of only connecting with the grassroots when it comes to election time. Electoral outcomes do not achieve themselves; politics is about politicians who are in sync with the electorate all year round and get the work done. She made it clear that it is about “working for the people, working for the party and working for the country”.

Here is a First Lady who gets things done and has got things done. She has the grassroots at her heart and the same grassroots buys into her practical vision. This is not about flamboyance and unnecessary sophistication but simple and practical things that matter to the people. Mai Mugabe has that unique ability to sell to the grassroots that idea and take the people in the unchartered territories of the candid politics of pragmatism. To give the First Lady her dues, she has been quite clear that the ruling party does not exist in a vacuum hence why she has persistently emphasised the cultivation of a national focus that encourages people to work for a shared vision, have shared goals and a shared Zimbabwe. These are the hallmarks of nation builders and when she speaks, the message and vision is the Robert Mugabe grand vision. You cannot be in a position of influence and then not have the grassroots at heart.

From her addresses, it is quite easy to pick up that Mai Mugabe is more of a pragmatist as opposed to an idealist. Her focus is on practical things, on how to get things done and working. She has a linear and practical way of thinking and doing things. If you read newspapers articles without listening fully to her addresses you would be convinced that it is primarily about divisive politics. However her focus and main points have been on processes behind the task of getting Zimbabwe moving and the end outcomes that uplift the grassroots.

Mai Mugabe may not be as glossy as most idealists, but she gets the work done. She is an effective organiser and the number of times she mentions the word ‘work’ when she speaks clearly demonstrates that pragmatic approach. She influences and her starting point has always been to the grassroots. She is dynamic, responsive and resilient with a strong repertoire of community work badges. She articulates a vision of passionate confidence and to some that may come across as brassy and hence why most media sources, internal and external publish fiction and mere fabrications. Mai Mugabe addresses the grassroots from the heart and it is easy to see the passion she has. Her addresses and unrestricted honesty enchants friends and foes alike because they focus on practical and immediate needs that matter to people on a daily basis. She has been focusing on issues that people hold dear to their hearts and they respond well to those. Those are the issues that affect people in their day-to-day lives, the people who are on the ground and these are the realities on the ground. She clearly has a practical attachment with the grassroots and she connects with the ordinary people on a basic and practical level. Mai Mugabe is not restrained by the pretentions that restrict most politicians in Zimbabwe hence why she is not afraid to be herself and people find that endearing. She is real. She has something to say and she says it. You might not like her approach but her direct approach is quite refreshing and resonates with the ordinary grassroots populations.

bernardbwoni.blogspot.com

Factionalism: A lesser evil than disintegration

By Bernard Bwoni

Intra-party conflicts happen and they are not exclusive to the Zimbabwean political playing field. People in any grouping may share the same ideology but have some variations in some aspects. That is normal and often such variations are easily covered by group rules and regulations. However the internal party politics can lead to full blown factionalism and the negative outcome is that of party officials camping and campaigning to be within the ranks of the leading faction or that faction that has the upper-hand.  At the end of it all the electorate will always come worse off.

Factionalism is a fact of life in political groups. Group members hold different preferences and conflicting views. Political parties are driven by the spirit of faction and factions by their very nature are universal. The end outcome is that factionalism creates that incentive for the political party to align and re-align their political interests. Social groups exist and thrive through conflict and cooperation and this is because they are formed and informed by association of individuals with divergent interests who agree to forego or merge their interests in the common interest for the sake of the party. Factionalism is about power play competing for control of the decision-making machinery of the grouping to their favour. This competitive relationship sometimes creates a communication dilemma which manifests in the intra-party squabbles as being witnessed in all political parties in Zimbabwe. Factionalism occurs when individuals in a political grouping are interlocked in the chase of incompatible goals or outcomes.